Guide to Interpreting Analytical Blood Profiles
Apr 23, 2011 6:11:52 GMT 10
Post by Tom Meulman on Apr 23, 2011 6:11:52 GMT 10
Please keep in mind when assessing an Analytical Blood Profile
Analytical blood profiles should never be looked at in isolation, but should be used as a source of additional information to add to the information gained from a thorough examination of the greyhound whos health is being assessed.
This examination should take note of:
The state of hydration in regard to skin tone.
The general condition of the greyhound in regard to an healthy weight and muscle condition.
The general condition of the greyhound in regard to vitality and general demeanour.
Recent levels of stress, such as a run behind the lure within the past five days.
The general recovery rate of the greyhound after stressful exercise.
A thorough examination for muscle injuries, and for general increased pain levels.
And most important of all a re-examination of all that has occurred to the greyhound in the previous 4 to 6 weeks that may have led to, or contributed to the greyhounds current condition.
Haematology
Haemoglobin (Hb) - Preferred Range - 20.0 to 21.5 g/l
Haemoglobin is the is the iron-containing pigment of the red blood cells. It’s function is to take up oxygen from the lungs and carry it throughout the body.
Haemoglobin and Red Blood Cells are manufactured in the bone marrow of the long bones. Because iron is the main component needed for haemoglobin production, a shortage of iron will cause the bone marrow to produce Red Blood Cells that are smaller and do not contain sufficient haemoglobin. The end result is a greyhound that is incapable of running it’s full race distance without causing stress to other body functions due to lack of oxygen.
Racing greyhounds with Haemoglobin levels below 20.0 g/l will in most instances require iron injections to correct this deficiency.
Red Blood Cell count (Erythrocytes) - Preferred Range - 8.50 to 9.50 X 10/l
Red Blood Cells are the vehicles that carry Haemoglobin throughout the body. Red Blood Cells also have some secondary functions, as in the body’s immune response, and in releasing several substances that dilate blood vessels when required to improve oxygen delivery.
Red Blood Cells are manufactured in the bone marrow of the long bones and in rare instances where excessive running increases inflammation in the long bones of the limbs, this may reduce Haemoglobin and Red Blood Cell Production.
Red Blood Cell production is controlled by Erythropoietin (EPO) this is a hormone that is primarily produced in the kidneys, therefore kidney disease and kidney damage will cause Anaemia.
Racing greyhounds with a Red Blood Cell count below 8.50 X 10/l will require B12 and Folic Acid injections to correct this deficiency.
Hct (Haematocrit) or PCV (Packed Cell Volume) - Preferred Range 58% to 62%
This measures the percentage of solids in the blood, namely the Red and White blood cells, as compared to the quantity of blood plasma. It is therefore extremely important to consider the state of hydration of the greyhound when considering whether or not a particular percentage is satisfactory.
If this particular test is done without other blood perimeters being tested for, the hydration of the greyhound should be evaluated by carefully checking skin tone, as this gives some idea of the state of hydration.
If the skin is comfortable to lift and springs back fast both over the saddle and the coupling area, the true PCV is as per test result.
However if the skin springs back OK over the saddle but is slow to return over the coupling area, the PCV could be as much as 2% lower if the greyhound was fully hydrated. If the skin is also slow to return above the saddle area the PCV could be as much as 4% lower if the greyhound was fully hydrated.
In other words a PCV test result of 58% in a severely dehydrated greyhound means that the true PCV is likely to be around 54% and indicates the greyhound is anaemic. At the same time a PCV test result of 66% in a severely dehydrated greyhound, indicates that the PCV would be within the preferred range once the dehydration has been corrected.
If the Hct/PCV test result is part of a full analytical profile there are other results that will provide information on the state of hydration.
Further to the above; if the skin of the greyhound is difficult to grab hold of and is tight to lift up, immediate Veterinary assistance should be sought as the greyhound is severely stressed and will most likely require intravenous fluids.
MCV (Mean Cell Volume) - Preferred Range 68 to 75 fl
This is an estimate of the size of Red Blood Cells, and provides an indication of the cause of anaemia. Immature red blood cells being larger than older ones.
A MCV below 68 fl indicates anaemia due to iron deficiency. If however the Haemoglobin count is within the preferred range it may indicate Red Blood Cell destruction, blood loss due to internal bleeding, or a heavy load of blood sucking intestinal worms.
A MCV above 75 fl indicates anaemia due to a B12/Folic Acid deficiency, or an inadequate diet.
MCH (Mean Cell Haemoglobin) - Preferred Range 22 to 25 pg
This is a calculation of the haemoglobin inside the average Red Blood Cell.
MCHC (Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration) - Preferred Range 34 to 37 g/dl
This is a calculation of the average haemoglobin concentration in a given volume of packed Red Blood Cells.
Both these test results provide further information on the type and cause of anaemia.
The MCH may be low in types of anaemia where the red blood cells are abnormally small, or high in other types of anaemia where the red blood cells are enlarged (for example, as a result of folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency).
The MCHC is low in iron deficiency, blood loss, and anaemias caused by infections in the liver or kidneys.
Analytical blood profiles should never be looked at in isolation, but should be used as a source of additional information to add to the information gained from a thorough examination of the greyhound whos health is being assessed.
This examination should take note of:
The state of hydration in regard to skin tone.
The general condition of the greyhound in regard to an healthy weight and muscle condition.
The general condition of the greyhound in regard to vitality and general demeanour.
Recent levels of stress, such as a run behind the lure within the past five days.
The general recovery rate of the greyhound after stressful exercise.
A thorough examination for muscle injuries, and for general increased pain levels.
And most important of all a re-examination of all that has occurred to the greyhound in the previous 4 to 6 weeks that may have led to, or contributed to the greyhounds current condition.
Haematology
Haemoglobin (Hb) - Preferred Range - 20.0 to 21.5 g/l
Haemoglobin is the is the iron-containing pigment of the red blood cells. It’s function is to take up oxygen from the lungs and carry it throughout the body.
Haemoglobin and Red Blood Cells are manufactured in the bone marrow of the long bones. Because iron is the main component needed for haemoglobin production, a shortage of iron will cause the bone marrow to produce Red Blood Cells that are smaller and do not contain sufficient haemoglobin. The end result is a greyhound that is incapable of running it’s full race distance without causing stress to other body functions due to lack of oxygen.
Racing greyhounds with Haemoglobin levels below 20.0 g/l will in most instances require iron injections to correct this deficiency.
Red Blood Cell count (Erythrocytes) - Preferred Range - 8.50 to 9.50 X 10/l
Red Blood Cells are the vehicles that carry Haemoglobin throughout the body. Red Blood Cells also have some secondary functions, as in the body’s immune response, and in releasing several substances that dilate blood vessels when required to improve oxygen delivery.
Red Blood Cells are manufactured in the bone marrow of the long bones and in rare instances where excessive running increases inflammation in the long bones of the limbs, this may reduce Haemoglobin and Red Blood Cell Production.
Red Blood Cell production is controlled by Erythropoietin (EPO) this is a hormone that is primarily produced in the kidneys, therefore kidney disease and kidney damage will cause Anaemia.
Racing greyhounds with a Red Blood Cell count below 8.50 X 10/l will require B12 and Folic Acid injections to correct this deficiency.
Hct (Haematocrit) or PCV (Packed Cell Volume) - Preferred Range 58% to 62%
This measures the percentage of solids in the blood, namely the Red and White blood cells, as compared to the quantity of blood plasma. It is therefore extremely important to consider the state of hydration of the greyhound when considering whether or not a particular percentage is satisfactory.
If this particular test is done without other blood perimeters being tested for, the hydration of the greyhound should be evaluated by carefully checking skin tone, as this gives some idea of the state of hydration.
If the skin is comfortable to lift and springs back fast both over the saddle and the coupling area, the true PCV is as per test result.
However if the skin springs back OK over the saddle but is slow to return over the coupling area, the PCV could be as much as 2% lower if the greyhound was fully hydrated. If the skin is also slow to return above the saddle area the PCV could be as much as 4% lower if the greyhound was fully hydrated.
In other words a PCV test result of 58% in a severely dehydrated greyhound means that the true PCV is likely to be around 54% and indicates the greyhound is anaemic. At the same time a PCV test result of 66% in a severely dehydrated greyhound, indicates that the PCV would be within the preferred range once the dehydration has been corrected.
If the Hct/PCV test result is part of a full analytical profile there are other results that will provide information on the state of hydration.
Further to the above; if the skin of the greyhound is difficult to grab hold of and is tight to lift up, immediate Veterinary assistance should be sought as the greyhound is severely stressed and will most likely require intravenous fluids.
MCV (Mean Cell Volume) - Preferred Range 68 to 75 fl
This is an estimate of the size of Red Blood Cells, and provides an indication of the cause of anaemia. Immature red blood cells being larger than older ones.
A MCV below 68 fl indicates anaemia due to iron deficiency. If however the Haemoglobin count is within the preferred range it may indicate Red Blood Cell destruction, blood loss due to internal bleeding, or a heavy load of blood sucking intestinal worms.
A MCV above 75 fl indicates anaemia due to a B12/Folic Acid deficiency, or an inadequate diet.
MCH (Mean Cell Haemoglobin) - Preferred Range 22 to 25 pg
This is a calculation of the haemoglobin inside the average Red Blood Cell.
MCHC (Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration) - Preferred Range 34 to 37 g/dl
This is a calculation of the average haemoglobin concentration in a given volume of packed Red Blood Cells.
Both these test results provide further information on the type and cause of anaemia.
The MCH may be low in types of anaemia where the red blood cells are abnormally small, or high in other types of anaemia where the red blood cells are enlarged (for example, as a result of folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency).
The MCHC is low in iron deficiency, blood loss, and anaemias caused by infections in the liver or kidneys.